VIP, or vasoactive intestinal peptide, is a neuropeptide of 28 amino acid residues that belongs to a glucagon/secretin superfamily, and it exerts its actions through three G-protein-coupled receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2). VIP is synthesized by trophoblast cells; it regulates trophoblast cell function and interaction with the major immune cell populations present in the pregnant uterus.
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