Synapse & Synaptic Proteins

The key to neural function is the synaptic signaling process, which is partly electrical and partly chemical. Synaptic signals to other neurons are transmitted by the axon; signals from other neurons are received by the soma and dendrites. The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons and 100-500 trillion synapses; each neuron may have thousands of input synaptic connections. It is the complex integration of these synaptic signals that controls all of the body functions including learning, memory, sensory integration, motor coordination, and emotional responses.

Sino Biological provides a broad range of products (proteins, antibodies, ELISA pair sets, cDNA clones) for research on synapse of the nervous system. These include products related to neurotransmitter release, pre-synaptic ion homeostasis, trans-synaptic cell-adhesion, and more.

Products of Sino Biological

Synaptic Protein Products

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ABP1^*	EphA2	Neurexophilin-3 / NXPH3^*
CADM3 / NECL1 / IGSF4B	EphA3 / HEK4 / TYRO4^*	Neuroligin 1 / NLGN1
CAMKI / CAMK1	EphA4	Neuroligin 3 / NLGN3
CAMK1D / CKLiK	EphA6 / EHK2	NRXN3 / Neurexin 3
CAMK2A	EphA7	SDC2^*
CAMK2B	EphB1	SDC3^*
CAMK2D^*	EphB2	SNAP25
CAMK2G^*	EphB3 / HEK2	SNCA / alpha-Synuclein^*
CaMK4 / CaM Kinase 4	EphB4	STX2B / Syntaxin 2
CASK	EphB6	STX6 / Syntaxin 6^*
CD111 / Nectin-1 / PVRL1	GAP-43	STXBP1
CD112 / Nectin-2 / PVRL2	HTR2B^*	STXBP2^*
CD113 / Nectin-3	HTR4^*	STXBP3 / UNC-18C
CD171 / N-CAML1 / L1CAM	HTR7^*	Syndecan-1 / SDC1 / CD138
CNTNAP2 / CASPR2	KYNU / Kynureninase	Syndecan-2^*
Complexin-2 / CPLX2	LRFN3^*	Syndecan-4 / SDC4
Contactin 1 / CNTN1	LRFN4^*	Tau^*
Contactin 2 / CNTN2	MUSK	Thrombospondin-1^*
Contactin 3 / CNTN3	N-Cadherin / CD325 / CDH2	VAMP1^*
Contactin 4 / CNTN4	NCAM1^*	VAPA^*
Contactin 5 / CNTN5	Neurexophilin-1 / NXPH1	VAPB / VAP-B

Calcium Signaling

Neurotransmitter Receptor

Presynaptic Active Zone Proteins

Postsynaptic Density Protein

Neurotransmitter Transporter

Synapse & Synaptic Signaling Background

The key to neural function is the synaptic signaling process, which is partly electrical and partly chemical. Synaptic signals to other neurons are transmitted by the axon; signals from other neurons are received by the soma and dendrites. Synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory and will either increase or decrease activity in the target neuron. The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons and 100-500 trillion synapses; each neuron may have thousands of input synaptic connections. It is the complex integration of these synaptic signals that controls all of the body functions including learning, memory, sensory integration, motor coordination, and emotional responses.

The electrical synapses are direct, electrically-conductive junctions between cells. In a chemical synapse, the process of synaptic transmission is as follows: when an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it opens voltage-gated calcium channels, allowing calcium ions to enter the terminal. Calcium causes synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter molecules to fuse with the membrane, releasing their contents into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and activate receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.

Synapse & Synaptic Proteins Related Studies

Fooksman DR, et al. (2010) Functional anatomy of T cell activation and synapse formation. Annu Rev Immunol. 28:79-105.
Chua JJ, et al. (2010) The architecture of an excitatory synapse. J Cell Sci. 123(Pt 6):819-23.
Wu H, et al. (2010) To build a synapse: signaling pathways in neuromuscular junction assembly. Development. 137(7):1017-33.
Gouras GK, et al. (2010) Intraneuronal beta-amyloid accumulation and synapse pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 119(5):523-41.