PTGDS (L-PGDS)

PTGDS, also known as L-PGDS, belongs to the calycin superfamily，lipocalin family. Lipocalins share limited regions of sequence homology and a common tertiary structure architecture. They transport small hydrophobic molecules such as steroids, bilins, retinoids, and lipids. PTGDS is a glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase that catalyzes the conversion of PGH2 to PGD2. It is involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and a variety of central nervous system functions. PTGDS may have an anti-apoptotic role in oligodendrocytes. It binds small non-substrate lipophilic molecules, including biliverdin, bilirubin, retinal, retinoic acid and thyroid hormone, and may act as a scavenger for harmful hydrophopic molecules and as a secretory retinoid and thyroid hormone transporter. It is likely to play important roles in both maturation and maintenance of the central nervous system and male reproductive system.

PTGDS (L-PGDS) Related Areas

 

PTGDS (L-PGDS) Alternative Names

RP11-229P13.6, L-PGDS, LPGDS, PDS, PGD2, PGDS, PGDS2, PGD2 synthase, beta-trace protein, cerebrin-28, glutathione-independent PGD synthase, glutathione-independent PGD synthetase, lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase, lipocalin-type prostaglandin-D synthase, prostaglandin D synthase, prostaglandin-D2 synthase, prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase [Homo sapiens]

RP23-47P18.11-006, 21kDa, L-PGDS, PGD2, PGDS, PGDS2, Ptgs3, PGD2 synthase, glutathione-independent PGD synthase, glutathione-independent PGD synthetase, lipocalin-type prostaglandin-D synthase, prostaglandin D2 synthase (21 kDa, brain), prostaglandin-D2 synthase, prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase [Mus musculus]

Summaries for PTGDS (L-PGDS)

Entrez Gene summary for PTGDS:

The protein encoded by this PTGDS gene is a glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase that catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to postaglandin D2 (PGD2). PTGDS functions as a neuromodulator as well as a trophic factor in the central nervous system. PTGDS is also involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. This PTGDS gene is preferentially expressed in brain. Studies with transgenic mice overexpressing this gene suggest that this gene may be also involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

OMIM - description for PTGDS:

Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) functions as a neuromodulator and/or trophic factor in the central nervous system. Glutathione (GSH)-independent PGD synthase catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to PGD2 in the presence of various sulfhydryl compounds. The enzyme is responsible for biosynthesis of PTGDS in the brain (Nagata et al., 1991).

Wikipedia summary for PTGDS:

Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase (PTGDS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGDS gene.
The protein encoded by this PTGDS gene is a glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase that catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). PGD2 functions as a neuromodulator as well as a trophic factor in the central nervous system. PGD2 is also involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. This PTGDS gene is preferentially expressed in brain. Studies with transgenic mice over-expressing this gene suggest that this gene may be also involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep. Furthermore, PTGDS and its product PGD2 are elevated in the bald-scalp areas of men with male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia).

Human PTGDS (L-PGDS) Protein General Information

 

• Protein names: Prostaglandin-D2 synthase, Short name=PGDS
• Sequence length: 190 AA.
• Domain: PTGDS forms a beta-barrel structure that accommodates hydrophobic ligands in its interior.
• Sequence similarities: PTGDS belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family.
• Post-translational modification: Both N-glycosylation recognition sites are almost quantitatively occupied by N-glycans of the biantennary complex type, with a considerable proportion of structures bearing a bisecting GlcNAc. N-glycan at Asn-78: dHex1Hex5HexNAc4. Agalacto structure as well as sialylated and nonsialylated oligosaccharides bearing alpha2-3- and/or alpha2-6-linked NeuNAc are present.
• Subunit structure: Monomer.
• Subcellular location: Rough endoplasmic reticulum. Nucleus membrane. Golgi apparatus. Cytoplasm › perinuclear region. Secreted. Note: Detected on rough endoplasmic reticulum of arachnoid and menigioma cells. Localized to the nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles and spherical cytoplasmic structures in arachnoid trabecular cells, and to circular cytoplasmic structures in meningeal macrophages and perivascular microglial cells. In oligodendrocytes, localized to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. In retinal pigment epithelial cells, localized to distinct cytoplasmic domains including the perinuclear region. Also secreted.
• Tissue specificity: PTGDS is abundant in the brain and CNS, where it is expressed in tissues of the blood-brain barrier and secreted into the cerebro-spinal fluid. PTGDS is abundantly expressed in the heart. In the male reproductive system, it is expressed in the testis, epididymis and prostate, and is secreted into the seminal fluid. PTGDS is expressed in the eye and secreted into the aqueous humor. Lower levels detected in various tissue fluids such as serum, normal urine, ascitic fluid and tear fluid. PTGDS is also found in a number of other organs including ovary, fimbriae of the fallopian tubes, kidney, leukocytes.
• Catalytic activity: (5Z,13E,15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate = (5Z,13E,15S)-9-alpha,15-dihydroxy-11-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate.
• Developmental stage: Expression in the amniotic fluid increases dramatically during weeks 12 to 25 of pregnancy. Levels decrease slowly after 25 weeks.
• Induction: By IL1B/interleukin-1 beta and thyroid hormone. PTGDS is probably induced by dexamethasone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), progesterone, retinoic acid and retinal. PTGDS is repressed by the Notch-Hes signaling pathway.
• Miscellaneous: It has been proposed that the urinary and serum levels may provide a sensitive indicator of renal damage in diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Elevated levels in the coronary circulation may also be associated with angina. PTGDS changes in charge and molecular weight microheterogeneity, due to modification of the N-linked oligosaccharides, may be associated with neurodegenerative disease and multiple sclerosis. PTGDS is detected in meningioma but not in other brain tumors and may be considered a specific cell marker for meningioma. Expression levels in amniotic fluid are altered in abnormal pregnancies. Levels are lower in pregnancies with trisomic fetuses and fetuses with renal abnormalities.

General information above from UniProt

Function for PTGDS (L-PGDS) Protein

UniProtKB:

PTGDS catalyzes the conversion of PGH2 to PGD2, a prostaglandin involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. PTGDS is involved in a variety of CNS functions, such as sedation, NREM sleep and PGE2-induced allodynia, and may have an anti-apoptotic role in oligodendrocytes. PTGDS binds small non-substrate lipophilic molecules, including biliverdin, bilirubin, retinal, retinoic acid and thyroid hormone, and may act as a scavenger for harmful hydrophopic molecules and as a secretory retinoid and thyroid hormone transporter. PTGDS is possibly involved in development and maintenance of the blood-brain, blood-retina, blood-aqueous humor and blood-testis barrier. It is likely to play important roles in both maturation and maintenance of the central nervous system and male reproductive system.

Genatlas:

• PTGDS is glutathione-independent prostaglandin D synthase that catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to postaglandin D2 (PGD2)
• PTGDS is involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep
• PTGDS is newly identified melanocyte marker
• PTGDS plays important roles in both maturation and maintenance of the central nervous system and male reproductive system
• PTGDS and its receptor chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on T(h)2 cells (GPR44) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous allergic diseases
• PTGDS is new regulator of tumor vascular permeability
• in addition to promoting the recruitment and activation of Th2 cells, may also impede the resolution of allergic inflammation through inhibiting apoptosis of Th2 cells
• PTGDS is beneficial for protecting the brain against transient and permanent cerebral ischemia
• PTGDS catalyses the formation of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) and also functions as a transporter for lipophilic ligands, including all-trans retinoic acid (RA)
• PTGDS is lipocalin-type enzyme involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid and plays a key role in the regulation of sleep, allergy, pain sensation, and the development of male reproductive organs

Homology for human PTGDS (L-PGDS)

• homolog to rattus Ptgds