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Hong Kong Flu (1968 Influenza Pandemic)
The 1968 influenza pandemic (the "Hong Kong flu") was a category 2 flu pandemic whose outbreak in 1968 and 1969 killed an estimated one million people worldwide. Hong Kong flu was one of the famous influenza pandemics in history. It was caused by an H3N2 strain of the influenza A virus, descended from H2N2 through antigenic shift, a genetic process in which genes from multiple subtypes reassorted to form a new virus. The Hong Kong Flu (1968 pandemic influenza) H3N2 Hemagglutinin (HA) proteins and antibodies were the main research tools for this influenza pandemic.
Hong Kong Flu History
The first record of the outbreak in Hong Kong appeared on 13 July 1968. By the end of July 1968, extensive outbreaks were reported in Vietnam and Singapore. Despite the fatality of the 1957 Asian Flu in China, little improvement had been made regarding the handling of such epidemics. The Times newspaper was actually the first source to sound alarm regarding this new possible pandemic.
By September 1968, the flu reached India, Philippines, northern Australia and Europe. That same month, the virus entered California from returning Vietnam War troops but did not become widespread in the US until December 1968. It would reach Japan, Africa and South America by 1969. The outbreak in Hong Kong, where density is about 500 people per acre, reached maximum intensity in 2 weeks, lasting 6 weeks in total from July to December 1968, however worldwide deaths from this virus peaked much later, in December 1968 and January 1969. By that time, public health warnings and virus descriptions were issued in the scientific and medical journals.
The same virus returned the following years: a year later, in late 1969 and early 1970, and in 1972.
Hong Kong Flu Symptoms
Flu symptoms lasted 4 to 5 days. Those over the age of 65 were most likely to die.
Hong Kong Flu Deaths
In comparison to other pandemics, the Hong Kong flu yielded a low death rate, with a case-fatality ratio below 0.5% making it a category 2 disease on the Pandemic Severity Index. The pandemic infected an estimated 500,000 Hong Kong residents, 15% of the population. In the United States, approximately 33,800 people died.
Fewer people died during this Hong Kong flu pandemic than the two previous influenza pandemics for various reasons: some immunity against the N2 flu virus may have been retained in populations struck by the Asian Flu strains which had been circulating since 1957; the pandemic did not gain momentum until near the winter school holidays, thus limiting the infection spreading; improved medical care gave vital support to the very ill; the availability of antibiotics that were more effective against secondary bacterial infections.
Hong Kong Flu Virus and Research (Hemagglutinin protein & antibody)
The Hong Kong flu was the first known outbreak of the H3N2 strain, though there is serologic evidence of H3N1 infections in the late 19th century. The Hong Kong flu strain shared internal genes and the neuraminidase with the 1957 Asian Flu (H2N2). Accumulated antibodies to the neuraminidase or internal proteins may have resulted in much fewer casualties than most pandemics. However, cross-immunity within and between subtypes of influenza is poorly understood.
"Three strains of Hong Kong influenza virus isolated from humans were compared with a strain isolated from a calf for their ability to cause disease in calves. One of the human strains. A/Aichi/2/68, was detected for five days in a calf, but all three failed to cause signs of disease. Strain A/cal/Duschanbe/55/71 could be detected for seven days and caused an influenza-like illness in calves."
| Product (CLICK for detailed Info. and price) |
Species | Molecule | Description | Cat No |
| H3N2 Hong Kong flu Hemagglutinin (HA) Protein H3N2, A/Aichi/2/1968 |
H3N2 Hong Kong flu Virus | HA | His Tag | 11707-V08H |
| H3N2 Hong Kong flu Hemagglutinin (HA) Protein H3N2, A/Aichi/2/1968 |
H3N2 Hong Kong flu Virus | HA1 | His Tag | 11707-V08H1 |
| Product (CLICK for detailed Info. and price) |
Species | Antibody Type |
Application | Cat No |
| H3N2 Hong Kong flu Hemagglutinin (HA) Antibody | H3N2 Hong Kong flu Virus | Mouse MAb | WB, ELISA, B/N | 11056-MM05 |
| H3N2 Hong Kong flu Hemagglutinin (HA) Antibody | H3N2 Hong Kong flu Virus | Mouse MAb | WB, ELISA | 11056-MM03 |
| H3N2 Hong Kong flu Hemagglutinin (HA) Antibody | H3N2 Hong Kong flu Virus | Rabbit PAb | WB, ELISA | 11056-RP01 |
| H3N2 Hong Kong flu Hemagglutinin (HA) Antibody (Antigen Affinity Purified) | H3N2 Hong Kong flu Virus | Rabbit PAb | WB, ELISA | 11056-RP02 |
Worldwide Influenza Pandemics
| Pandemic Influenza | Outbreak-Finish Time | Death toll | Subtype involved |
| Russian Flu | 1889–1890 | 1 million | possibly H2N2 |
| Spanish Flu | 1918–1920 | 50 million | H1N1 |
| Asian Flu | 1957–1958 | 1.5 to 2 million | H2N2 |
| Hong Kong Flu | 1968–1969 | 1 million | H3N2 |
| Swine Flu | 2009–2010 | over 18,209 | novel H1N1 |
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